
Because of this disadvantage, the friction force increases a lot, mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, emission values deteriorate, and accordingly, the overall efficiency decreases specific fuel consumption increases.


The combustion stroke cannot be applied independently of the four strokes. In conventional internal combustion piston and rotary engines, the combustion stroke begins towards the end of the compression stroke and continues until sometime after the start of the power stroke. Thus, the pressure obtained according to the formula cannot fully affect the torque value of the engine.

When the pressure is highest in internal combustion engines where the crankshaft is used, the angle value between the piston axis and the output shaft axis is about 10-15 degrees.
